The paranasal sinuses are air-filled extensions of the nasal cavity. The frontal sinuses (purple) are located in the forehead region, the ethmoid sinuses (blue) are located between the nasal septum and the eye and just below the brain, and the maxillary sinuses (green) are located in the cheek region below the eyes. The sphenoid sinuses (red) are located behind the ethmoid sinuses and are closely related to important anatomical structures such as the optic nerves that are required for vision, the pituitary gland, and the carotid arteries that carry blood to the brain.

The turbinates are normal outgrowths from either side of the nasal cavity that help regulate nasal air flow, temperature and humidification. Enlargement of the inferior or middle turbinates can obstruct one’s ability to breathe through the nose and can block the outflow of the contents of the paranasal sinuses, predisposing patients to infections.

The nasal septum separates the two nasal cavities, provides structural support for the nose, and influences airflow in the nasal cavity. A deviated or crooked septum can obstruct one’s ability to breathe through the nose, and can block the outflow of the contents of the paranasal sinuses, predisposing patients to infections.